\numberofauthorsīitcoin is the first digital currency (or cryptocurrency) system that Our work provides a framework for exploring the design space of hybrid database-blockchain systems. However, the gap is not as significant as previously reported, and under high contention or constrained workloads, blockchains and databases are even comparable. In addition, we show that for most workloads, blockchain’s performance is still lagging far behind that of a distributed database. We demonstrate how the different design choices in the four dimensions lead to different performance. We then conduct an extensive and in-depth performance study on two blockchains, namely Quorum and Hyperledger Fabric, and three distributed databases, namely CockroachDB, TiDB and etcd. We discuss how the design choices have been driven by the system’s goals: blockchain’s goal is security, whereas the distributed database’s goal is performance. In particular, we compare the systems along four dimensions: replication, concurrency, storage, and sharding. We propose a taxonomy that helps illustrate their similarities and differences. In this paper, we perform a twin study of blockchains and distributed database systems as two types of transactional systems. They stop short of showing how the underlying design choices contribute to the overall differences. Existing works that compare blockchains and distributed database systems focus mainly on high-level properties, such as security and throughput. A blockchain is also a distributed system, and as such it shares some similarities with distributed database systems. Blockchain has come a long way - a system that was initially proposed specifically for cryptocurrencies is now being adapted and adopted as a general-purpose transactional system.
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